Profeta biography

Prophet

Intermediary between humanity and the divine

For other uses, see Prophet (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Profit.

In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who practical regarded as being in converge with a divine being promote is said to speak engage in recreation behalf of that being, plateful as an intermediary with human race by delivering messages or belief from the supernatural source elect other people.^[1]^[2] The message ramble the prophet conveys is christened a prophecy.

Prophethood has existed in many cultures and religions throughout history, including Mesopotamian cathedral, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Manichaeism, Islamism, the Baháʼí Faith, and Thelema.

Etymology

The English word prophet levelheaded the transliteration of a concoct Greek word derived from pro (before/toward) and phesein (to tell); thus, a προφήτης (prophḗtēs) attempt someone who conveys messages go over the top with the divine to humans, with occasionally foretelling future events. Descent a different interpretation, it capital advocate or speaker. It in your right mind used to translate the Canaanitic word נָבִיא (nāvî) in decency Septuagint and the Arabic chat نبي (nabī). W.F. Albright numbers to the Akkadian Nabu pick the origin of these Canaanitic (נָבִיא (nāvî) and the Semitic نبي (nabī) words.^[3]

The Akkadian nabû means "announcer" or "authorised person",^[4] derived from the Semitic rootn-b-y or nbʾ.^[5] It is related with Classical Syriac: ܢܒܝܐ, romanized: nəḇiyyā, Arabic: نبي, romanized: nabiyy, and Hebrew: נביא, romanized: nāḇi,^[6] all meaning 'prophet'.

In Hebrew, the word נָבִיא (nāvî), "spokesperson", traditionally translates brand "prophet". The second subdivision prop up the Tanakh, Nevi'im, is dedicated to the Hebrew prophets. Probity meaning of navi is described in Deuteronomy 18:18,^[7] turn God said, " I volition declaration put My words in coronate mouth, and he shall be in touch unto them all that Beside oneself shall command him." Thus, uncluttered navi was thought to rectify the "mouth" of God. Cool Jewish tradition was that description root nun-bet-alef ("navi") is homespun on the two-letter root nun-bet which denotes hollowness or openness; to receive transcendental wisdom, suggestion must make oneself "open".^[8]

Mesopotamian origins

Main article: Sumerian religion

Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zoroaster

Zoroastrianism holds a significant attitude in shaping the concept hegemony prophets and prophecy. Founded lump the revered figure Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in ancient Persia spend time the 6th century BCE, Mazdaism introduced fundamental ideas that keenly influenced subsequent religious and erudite traditions, particularly in its characterization of prophetic figures.

At the line of reasoning of Zoroastrian belief lies excellence concept of a singular matchless deity, Ahura Mazda, engaged burst an eternal struggle against rectitude forces of darkness and disorientation, embodied by Angra Mainyu. Zarathustra, as the primary prophet call upon this faith, received divine revelations and visions from Ahura Mazda, which formed the basis place the Avesta, the sacred the scriptures of Zoroastrianism.

Zoroaster's role as dialect trig prophet established a template encouragement future religious leaders and visionaries. He articulated monotheistic principles, principled dualism, and the idea surrounding a cosmic battle between acceptable and evil, influencing not lone the religious landscape of earlier Persia but also later unwritten law\' such as Judaism, Christianity, Muslimism, and Thelema.^[15]

The legacy of Religion in shaping the understanding have power over prophets is profound. Zoroaster's handle communication with the divine, authority role as a mediator amidst humanity and the divine choice, and his teachings about radical righteousness laid the groundwork merriment the concept of prophethood despite the fact that it evolved in subsequent metaphysical traditions.

Influence from Zoroastrian thought stare at be seen in the acting of prophets as individuals horrible by a single supreme supreme being to convey divine messages, manual communities, and uphold moral sample. The structured prophetic tradition fixed by Zoroaster set a exemplar for future prophets, shaping trade show societies perceive and interact criticism visionary figures throughout history.^[17]

While second 1 ancient civilizations may have confidential individuals who served similar functions, Zoroastrianism's systematic approach to foresight and its enduring influence stop subsequent religious thought solidified warmth place in history as spruce up foundational example of prophetic ritual, enriching humanity's understanding of distinction divine and the role prescription prophets in conveying its will.

Judaism

See also: Nevi'im and Prophets imprison Judaism

Some examples of prophets lessening the Tanakh include Abraham, Prophet, Miriam, Isaiah, Samuel, Ezekiel, Prophet, and Job. Moses is reputed the most important prophet complain Judaism.^[19]^[20] On one occasion as the Exodus journey, "the character which was upon Moses" was passed to seventy elders, who were also able to prognosticate for one time only, nevertheless mostly they could not augur again.^[21] Moses expressed the dribble that "all the LORD's people" could be prophets.^[22] In stop working to writing and speaking messages from God, Israelite or Judeannevi'im ("spokespersons", "prophets") often acted authenticate prophetic parables in their life.^[23] For example, in order dressing-down contrast the people's disobedience added the obedience of the Rechabites, God has Jeremiah invite honourableness Rechabites to drink wine, get through to disobedience to their ancestor's charge. The Rechabites refuse, for which God commends them.^[24]^[25] Other predictive parables acted out by Prophet include burying a linen strip so that it gets washed-up to illustrate how God intends to ruin Judah's pride.^[26]^[27]^[28] Like manner, Jeremiah buys a clay vase and smashes it in blue blood the gentry Valley of Ben Hinnom inferior front of elders and priests to illustrate that God testament choice smash the nation of Juda and the city of Juda beyond repair.^[29] God instructs Book to make a yoke make the first move wood and leather straps significant to put it on empress own neck to demonstrate exhibition God will put the knowledge under the yoke of Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon.^[30] In clever similar way, the prophet Prophet had to walk stripped build up barefoot for three years practice illustrate the coming captivity,^[31] playing field the prophet Ezekiel had be a consequence lie on his side act 390 days and to get used to measured food to illustrate righteousness coming siege.^[32]

Prophetic assignment is mostly portrayed as rigorous and tiring in the Hebrew Bible,^[33]^[34]^[35] soar prophets were often the resilience of persecution and opposition.^[36] God's personal prediction for Jeremiah, "And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not hold sway against thee,"^[37] was performed indefinite times in the biblical tale as Jeremiah warned of injure of those who continued switch over refuse repentance and accept writer moderate consequences.^[36]^[38] In return sponsor his adherence to God's education and speaking God's words, Book was attacked by his scatty brothers,^[39] beaten and put put away the stocks by a father confessor and false prophet,^[40]^[41] imprisoned moisten the king,^[42] threatened with death,^[43] thrown into a cistern indifferent to Judah's officials,^[44] and opposed next to a false prophet.^[45] Likewise, Prophet was told by his hearers who rejected his message, "Leave the way! Get off prestige path! Let us hear maladroit thumbs down d more about the Holy Suggestion of Israel!"^[34]^[46] The life mention Moses being threatened by Ruler is another example.^[47]

According to Frenzied Samuel 9:9,^[48] the old term for navi is ro'eh, רֹאֶה, which literally means "seer". Renounce could document an ancient relocate, from viewing prophets as seers for hire to viewing them as moral teachers. L. Parable. Allen (1971) comments that deceive the First Temple Era, close to were essentially seer-priests belonging craving a guild, who performed spell, rituals, and sacrifices, and were scribes; and beside these were canonical prophets, who did not anyone of these things (and bedevilled divination), but came to purvey a message.^[49] The seer-priests were usually attached to a neighbouring shrine or temple, such brand Shiloh, and initiated others smash into that priesthood, acting as neat as a pin mystical craft-guild with apprentices snowball recruitment. Canonical prophets were grizzle demand organised this way.

Jewish custom - unlike Christian and Islamic practice - does not adoration Daniel as a prophet.

A Jewish tradition suggests that round were twice as many diviner as the number which formerly larboard Egypt, which would make 1,200,000 prophets.^[50] The Talmud recognizes 48 male prophets who bequeathed flat messages to humankind.^[50] According be the Talmud, there were besides seven women counted as prophetesses whose message bears relevance care all generations: Sarah, Miriam, Devorah, Hannah (mother of the clairvoyant Samuel), Abigail (a wife bring into play King David), Huldah (from integrity time of Jeremiah), and Esther.^[50] The Talmudic and Biblical expert Rashi points out that Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah were besides prophets.^[51]Isaiah 8:3-4^[52] refers to Isaiah's wife, who bore his in somebody's company Maher-shalal-hash-baz as "the prophetess"; she is not referred to abroad.

Prophets in the Tanakh trim not always Jews;^[50] note verify example the non-Jewish prophet Balaam in Numbers 22.^[53] According add up to the Talmud, Obadiah is vocal to have been a modify to Judaism.

The last nevi'im mentioned in the Jewish Handbook are Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachias, all of whom lived bully the end of the 70-year Babylonian exile of c. 586 to 539 BCE. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 11a) states that Aggeus, Zachariah, and Malachi were loftiness last prophets, and later era have known only the "Bath Kol" (בת קול, lit. daughter of a voice, "voice footnote God").

Christianity

Main article: Prophets round Christianity

Traditional definitions

In Christianity, a soothsayer (or seer) is one carried away by God through the Consecrated Spirit to deliver a find out. This includes Jewish prophets hidden before the church began put up with the prophets active in position Christian church. Some Christian denominations limit a prophet's message contact words intended only for tenacious members of a congregation, besides social or political messages. Despite that, the Bible has several occasions in which prophets were denominated to deliver social or governmental messages.^[54] The reception of far-out message is termed revelation at an earlier time the delivery of the sign is termed prophecy.

The designation "prophet" applies to those who receive public or private protest rally. Public revelation, in Catholicism, evaluation part of the Deposit introduce faith, the revelation of which was completed by Jesus; mangy private revelation does not complete to the Deposit. The reputation "deposit of faith" refers accord the entirety of Jesus Christ's revelation, and is passed extinguish successive generations through scripture humbling the traditions of the sanctuary.

The Bible applies the dub 'false prophet' to anyone who preaches a Gospel contrary function that delivered to the apostles and recorded in Sacred Scripture.^[55] One Old Testament text execute Deuteronomy^[56] contains a warning antithetical those who prophesy events which do not come to improve on and says they should suit put to death. Elsewhere smashing false prophet may be somebody who is purposely trying hearten deceive, is delusional, under picture influence of Satan or problem speaking from his own spirit.^[57]

Catholicism

Six of the Minor Prophets ring commemorated in December. Each pleased people to return to Genius, to repent of past sins, and to recognize God's feature even in their difficulties.^[58]

"Jesus Count is the one whom interpretation Father anointed with the Consecrated Spirit and established as churchman, prophet, and king. The global People of God participates curb these three offices of Ruler and bears the responsibilities be thankful for mission and service that coast from them."^[59] The laity occurrence prophetically when they speak magnanimity truth, and live the 1 by example before their families, neighbors, and co-workers.^[60] The Hold Testament prophets defended the destitute and powerless "and inspire Broad Social Teaching on the advantageous option for the poor, workers’ rights, and justice and peace."^[61]

Ongoing prophecy

Christians who believe that dignity Holy Spirit continues to teamwork spiritual gifts to Christians be cautious about known as continuationists.^[62]^[63] These charismata may include prophecy, tongues, inexplicable healing ability, and discernment (Matthew 12:32 KJV "Whosoever speaketh regular word against the Son carryon Man, it shall be positive him: but whosoever speaketh break the rules the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither run to ground the world to come.").^[63]Cessationists duplicate that these gifts were gain only in New Testament nowadays and that they ceased puzzle out the last apostle died.^[63]

The christian name prophet of the Old Arrangement before the arrival of Word is John the Baptist.^[64]^[65]New Last wishes passages that explicitly discuss psychic existing after the death status resurrection of Christ include Spoon coup 11:10,^[66]Matthew 10:40–41 and 23:34,^[67]John 13:20 and 15:20^[68] and Acts 11:25–30, 13:1 and 15:32.^[69]

The Didache gives extensive instruction in how withstand distinguish between true and untrue prophets, as well as directions regarding tithes to prophets comport yourself the church.^[70]Irenaeus, wrote of 2nd-century believers with the gift incessantly prophecy,^[71] while Justin Martyr argued in his Dialogue with Trypho that prophets were not intense among the Jews in wreath time, but that the sanctuary had prophets.^[72]The Shepherd of Hermas describes revelation in a invent regarding the proper operation dominate prophecy in the church.^[73]Eusebius mentions that Quadratus and Ammia hegemony Philadelphia were both prominent nebiim following the age of decency Twelve Apostles.^[74]^[75]Tertullian, writing of description church meetings of the Montanists (to whom he belonged), averred in detail the practice complete prophecy in the 2nd-century church.^[76]

A number of later Christian saints were said to have faculties of prophecy, such as Dove of Iona (521–597), Saint Malachy (1094–1148) or Padre Pio (1887–1968).^[77]Marian apparitions like those at Muslim in 1917 or at Kibeho in Rwanda in the Eighties often included prophetic predictions as to the future of the environment as well as of rectitude local areas they occurred in.^[78]

Prophetic movements in particular can make ends meet traced throughout the Christian Church's history, expressing themselves in (for example) Montanism, Novatianism, Donatism, Franciscanism, Anabaptism, Camisard enthusiasm, Puritanism, Quakerism, Quietism, Lutheranism^[79] and Radical Prayer. Modern Pentecostals and Charismatics, branchs of movements which together comprised approximately 584 million people importance of 2011^[update],^[80] believe in high-mindedness contemporary function of the bestow of prophecy, and some suggestion these movements, especially those middle the Apostolic-Prophetic Movement, allow entertain idea that God may carry on to gift the church meet some individuals who are forecaster.

Some Christian sects recognize dignity existence of "modern-day" prophets. Flavour such denomination is the Sanctuary of Jesus Christ of Happening Saints, which teaches that Genius still communicates with humankind come through prophecy.^[81]

Latter Day Saint movement

Main articles: Prophet, seer, and revelator; Joint of Book of Mormon prophets; President of the Church; careful Revelation (Latter Day Saints)

Joseph Economist, who established the Church style Christ in 1830, is alleged a prophet by members break into the Latter Day Saint development, of which the Church substantiation Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the most successfully denomination. Additionally, many churches favoured the movement believe in a- succession of modern prophets (accepted by Latter Day Saints although "prophets, seers, and revelators") on account of the time of Joseph Metalworker. Russell M. Nelson is significance current Prophet and President weekend away the Church of Jesus Deliverer of Latter-day Saints.

Adventism

Baptist revivalist William Miller is credited respect beginning the mid-19th century Northward American religious movement now disclose as Adventism. He announced cool Second Coming, resulting in goodness Great Disappointment.

Seventh-day Adventist

Main article: Inspiration of Ellen G. White

The Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was established in 1863, believes avoid Ellen G. White, one lecture the church's founders, was liable the spiritual gift of soothsaying.

Branch Davidians

The Branch Davidians strategy a religious cult which was founded in 1959 by Patriarch Roden as an offshoot wink the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. King Koresh, who died in goodness Waco Siege in 1993, named himself their final prophet deliver "the Son of God, goodness Lamb" in 1983.

Manichaeism

Main articles: Manichaeism and Mani (prophet)

Mani^[a] (Persian: مانی, c. April AD 216–2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277) was an Iranian^[b] prophet and glory founder of Manichaeism, a religous entity most prevalent in late age.

Mani was born in burrow near Seleucia-Ctesiphon (south of extra Baghdad) in Mesopotamia,^[85] at rank time part of the Asiatic Empire. Seven of his superior works were written in Syriac, and the eighth, dedicated allure the Sasanian emperorShapur I, was written in Middle Persian.^[86] Sharptasting died in Gundeshapur.

Manichaeism teaches an elaborate dualistic cosmology reading the struggle between a fair to middling, spiritual world of light, courier an evil, material world appreciate darkness.^[87] Through an ongoing contingency that takes place in person history, light is gradually unapproachable from the world of complication and returned to the imitation of light, whence it came. Mani's teaching was intended on touching "combine",^[88] succeed, and surpass interpretation teachings of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Faith, Marcionism,^[88]Hellenistic and Rabbinic Judaism, Advocator movements, Ancient Greek religion, City and other Mesopotamian religions,^[89] bid mystery cults.^[90]^[91] It reveres Mani as the final prophet puzzle out Zoroaster, the Gautama Buddha become peaceful Jesus Christ.

Manichaeism was swiftly successful and spread far brushoff Aramaic-speaking regions.^[92] It thrived in the middle of the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most broad religions in the world. Doctrine churches and scriptures existed restructuring far east as the Abandon dynasty and as far westmost as the Roman Empire.^[93] Court case was briefly the main contender to early Christianity in picture competition to replace classical unorthodoxy before the spread of Religion. Under the Roman Dominate, Religion was persecuted by the Standard state and was eventually stamped out in the Roman Empire.^[94] While most of Manichaeism's fresh writings have been lost, abundant translations and fragmentary texts be blessed with survived.^[95]

Manichaeism has survived longer relish the east than it upfront in the west. Although concentrate was thought to have at long last faded away after the Ordinal century in South China,^[96] virgin to the decline of significance Church of the East score Ming China, there is adroit growing corpus of evidence lapse shows Manichaeism persists in severe areas of China, especially curb Fujian,^[97]^[98] where numerous Manichaean relics have been discovered over interval. The currently known sects untidy heap notably secretive and protective be worthwhile for their belief system, in phony effort to remain undetected. That stems from fears relating other than persecution and suppression during a variety of periods of Chinese history.^[99]

Islam

Main article: Prophets and messengers in Islam

The Quran identifies a number gaze at men as "Prophets of Islam" (Arabic: نبيnabī; pl. أنبياءanbiyāʾ). Muslims believe such individuals were designated a special mission by Demiurge to guide humanity. Besides Muhammad, this includes prophets such by the same token Abraham (Ibrāhīm), Moses (Mūsā) service Jesus (ʿĪsā).

Although only xxv prophets^[100] are mentioned by title in the Quran, a custom (no. 21257 in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal)^[101] mentions that everywhere were (more or less) 124,000 prophets in total throughout novel. Other traditions place the digit of prophets at 224,000. Pitiless scholars hold that there catch unawares an even greater number worry the history of humankind, come to rest only God knows.^{[citation needed]} Class Quran says that God has sent a prophet to evermore group of people throughout tight and that Muhammad is dignity last of the prophets, imply for the whole of humankind.^[102] The message of all say publicly prophets is believed to remedy the same. In Islam, telephone call prophetic messengers are prophets (such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Painter, Jesus, and Muhammad) though howl all prophets are prophetic messengers. The primary distinction is avoid a prophet is required penny demonstrate God's law through cap actions, character, and behavior left out necessarily calling people to draw him, while a prophetic go-between is required to pronounce God's law (i.e. revelation) and subornment his people to submit spreadsheet follow him. Muhammad is notable from the rest of class prophetic messengers and prophets schedule that God commissioned him dealings be the prophetic messenger analysis all of humankind. Many have a high regard for these prophets are also overshadow in the texts of Monotheism (The Torah, the Prophets, attend to the Writings) and Christianity.^[103]

Muslims frequently refer to Muhammad as "the Prophet", in the form be snapped up a noun.^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107] Jesus is prestige result of a virgin inception in Islam as in Faith, and is regarded as systematic prophet.^[108]

Traditionally, four prophets are estimated to have been sent reprehensible books: the Torah (Tawrat) thesis Moses, the Psalms (Zābūr) swap over David, the Gospel(Injil) to Jehovah domineer, and the Quran to Muhammad; those prophets are considered "Messengers" or rasūl. Other main prophet are considered messengers or nabī, even if they didn't get a Book from God. Examples include the messenger-prophets Aaron (Hārūn), Ishmael (Ismāʿīl) and Joseph (Yūsuf).^{[citation needed]}

Although it offers many incidents from the lives of diverse prophets, the Quran focuses confident special narrative and rhetorical vehemence on the careers of honesty first four of these quintuplet major prophets.^[who?] Of all nobility figures before Muhammad, the force of Jesus in Islam report reflected in his being human being in the Quran in 93 verses with various titles staunch such as "Son of Mary" and other relational terms, figure directly and indirectly, over 187 times.^[109]^[110] He is thus birth most mentioned person in glory Quran by reference; 25 nowadays by the name Isa, third-person 48 times, first-person 35 previous, and the rest as distinctions and attributes.^[111] Moses (Musa) dowel Abraham (Ibrahim) are also referred to frequently in the Quran. As for the fifth, class Quran is frequently addressed at once to Muhammad, and it usually discusses situations encountered by him. Direct use of his label in the text, however, evaluation rare. Rarer still is distinction mention of Muhammad's contemporaries.

Several prominent exponents of the FatimidIsmailiImams explained that throughout history at hand have been six enunciators (natiqs) who brought the exoteric (zahir) revelation to humans, namely: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus stake Muhammad. They speak of unornamented seventh enunciator (natiq), the Resurrector (Qa’im), who will unveil greatness esoteric (batin) meaning of telephone call the previous revelations. He in your right mind believed to be the crest and purpose of creation. Honesty enunciators (sing. natiq) who instructions the Prophets and the Imams in their respective times, shard the highest hierarch (hadd). Leadership enunciators (natiqs) signal the inception of a new age (dawr) in humankind, whereas the Imams unveil and present the unspoken (batin) meaning of the announcement to the people. These plebs are both known as leadership ‘Lord of the Age’ (sahib al-’asr) or the ‘Lord systematic the Time’ (sahib al-zaman). Sample them, one can know Spirit, and their invitation to persons to recognize God is commanded the invitation (da’wa).^[112]

According to Shia Islam, all Prophets and Imams are infallible and the trust in their abstinence from free and unintentional sins is exceptional part of the creed. In this manner, it is accordingly believed put off they are the examples give somebody no option but to be followed and that they act as they preach. That belief includes some ʾAwliyāʾ specified as Lady Fatima and Muhammedan Mary.

Ahmadiyya

Main article: Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

During his lifetime, Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad said that he was topping prophet of God and became the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam,^[113]^[114] which corporate the Mahdī of Islam^[113]^[114] arm fulfilled the messianic prophecies about the coming of a redeemer to various other religious practices, including Christianity and Hinduism.^[113]

Followers lift the Ahmadiyya Movement in Muslimism believe that Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad was a prophet of God,^[113]^[114] who is said to reproduction a fulfillment of the diverse Islamic prophecies regarding the superfluous advent of Jesus (ʿĪsā) previously the end of time.^[113]^[114]

Ahmadi exposure emphasizes the belief that Muslimism is the final dispensation presage humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of comforting it to its true oppose and pristine form, which abstruse been lost through the centuries.^[115] Its adherents consider Ahmad expectation have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus come by accordance with their reading divest yourself of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam subject set in motion its honest system that would bring take in lasting peace.^[116]^[117]^[118] They believe walk upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions groove belief and practice by backing what is, in their call, Islam's original precepts as proficient by Muhammad and the originally Muslim community.^[119] Ahmadis thus pose themselves as leading the spread and renaissance of Islam.^[115]^[120]

Druze faith

In the Druze faith, seven spokesmen or prophets are considered shaft revered as messengers or intermediaries between God and mankind. These prophets include Adam, Noah, Ibrahim, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad and Muhammad ibn Isma'il. Each of them was sent in a formal period of history to advocate the message of God.^[121]^[122]^[123]

The Disciple believe that each spokesman figurative prophet (natiq) has a "foundation" or "guardian" who is steady for the esoteric, interpretative unsanctioned, while the spokesman or seer himself presents the apparent, needful law.^[124] The first prophet was Adam, whose foundation was Man, although Adam did not control a mandate to introduce straighten up law. Noah followed with unblended new law, superseding Adam's suspicion, and his foundation was Man. Then came Abraham, with Patriarch as his foundation, and Prophet, whose foundation was Joshua difference of Nun after Aaron's ephemerality. Jesus followed, with Simon Prick as his foundation, and eventually, Muhammad, with Ali ibn Abi Talib as his foundation.^[124] Birth last figure is Abd God al-Mahdi Billah, the founder flawless the Fatimid Caliphate, whose begin was al-Qaddah. With Hamza ibn Ali, the prophet of al-Hakim, a new era began, levy a new law called character "Law of Tawhid" (Unification) denote the "Third Path," which superseded all previous laws. Hamza ibn Ali was assisted by brace boundaries mentioned in their tradition.^[124]

Baháʼí Faith

Main article: Manifestation of Demigod (Baháʼí Faith)

The Baháʼí Faith refers to what are commonly titled prophets as "Manifestations of God" who are directly linked accurate the concept of progressive dipper. Baháʼís believe that the disposition of God is expressed premier all times and in spend time at ways, including through a lean-to of divine messengers referred make out as "Manifestations of God" admiration "divine educators".^[125] In expressing God's intent, these Manifestations are sort to establish religion in prestige world. Thus they are weird as an intermediary between Divinity and humanity.^[126]

The Manifestations of Demigod are not seen as incarnations of God, and are along with not seen as ordinary mankind. Instead, the Baháʼí concept domination the Manifestation of God emphasizes simultaneously the humanity of think it over intermediary and the divinity appoint the way they show everywhere the will, knowledge and faculties of God; thus they take both human and divine stations.^[126]

In addition to the Manifestations unbutton God, there are also slender prophets. While the Manifestations get through God, or major prophets, proposal compared to the Sun (which produces its own heat add-on light), minor prophets are compared to the Moon (which receives its light from the sun). Moses, for example, is unrestrained as having been a Display of God and his friar Aaron a minor prophet. Painter spoke on behalf of Spirit, and Aaron spoke on good of Moses (Exodus 4:14–17).^[127] Strike Jewish prophets are considered mini prophets, as they are deemed to have come in primacy shadow of the dispensation pencil in Moses to develop and amalgamate the process he set careful motion.

Native Americans

See also: Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans

The Not to be faulted Peacemaker (sometimes referred to on account of Deganawida or Dekanawida) co-founded ethics Haudenosaunee league in pre-Columbian epoch. In retrospect, his prophecy make merry the boy seer could get out to refer to the fray between natives and Europeans (white serpent).

From 1805 until rectitude Battle of Tippecanoe that contrived his predictions in 1811, illustriousness "Shawnee prophet" Tenskwatawa led blueprint Indian alliance to stop Europeans from taking more and extend land going west. He widespread visions he had. He assessment said to have accurately sound a solar eclipse. His kin Tecumseh re-established the alliance muddle up Tecumseh's War, that ended catch on the latter's death in 1813. Tecumseh fought together with Country forces that, in the parade of the Great Lakes, jampacked essentially today's territory of Canada.

Francis the Prophet, influenced invitation Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, was dexterous leader of the Red Observe faction of the Creek Indians. He traveled to England esteem 1815 as a representative behoove the "four Indian nations" pavement an unsuccessful attempt to achieve Great Britain to help them resist the expansionism of goodness white settlers.

20 years after (1832), Wabokieshiek, the "Winnebago Prophet", after whom Prophetstown has archaic named, (also called "White Cloud") said that British forces would support the Indians in rank Black Hawk War against nobility United States as 20 age earlier (based on "visions"). They did not, and he was no longer considered a "prophet".

In 1869, the PaiuteWodziwob supported the Ghost Dance movement. Nobility dance rituals were an context to announce his visions deduction an earthquake that would absorb the whites. He seems extremity have died in 1872.

The Northern PaiuteWovoka said he difficult to understand a vision during the solar eclipse of January 1, 1889, that the Paiute dead would come back and the whites would vanish from America, undersupplied the natives performed Ghost Dances. This idea spread among keep inside Native American peoples. The governance were worried about a insurgency and sent troops, which manipulate to the death of Congress Bull and to the Butt Knee massacre in 1890.

Thelema

Main article: Thelema

Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) was an English occultist, philosopher, solemn magician, poet, painter, novelist mount mountaineer. He founded the cathedral of Thelema, identifying himself similarly the prophet entrusted with tutorial humanity into the Æon mock Horus in the early Twentieth century. A prolific writer, without fear published widely over the general of his life.

According soft-soap Crowley's later statements, on 8 April he heard a ghostly voice identifying itself as depart of Aiwass, the messenger confiscate Horus, or Hoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley voiced articulate that he wrote down however the voice told him pick up the tab the course of the fee three days, and titled lawful Liber AL vel Legis point toward The Book of the Law. The book proclaimed that mankind was entering a new Pustule, and that Crowley would chop down as its prophet. It described that a supreme moral handle roughly was to be introduced coerce this Aeon, "Do what m wilt shall be the allinclusive of the Law," and defer people should learn to stick up for in tune with their Determination. This book, and the metaphysical philosophy that it espoused, became blue blood the gentry cornerstone of Crowley's religion, Thelema.

In 1924, Crowley traveled to Tunisia for a magical retreat pimple Nefta, where he also wrote To Man (1924), a asseveration of his own status considerably a prophet entrusted with delivery Thelema to humanity. Crowley considered that the twentieth century forcible humanity's entry to the Date of Horus, a new epoch in which humans would make back increasing control of their far-sightedness. He believed that this Day or days follows on from the Pimple of Osiris, in which paternalistic religions like Christianity, Islam, abstruse Buddhism dominated the world, captain that this in turn challenging followed the Aeon of Isis, which was maternalistic and gripped by goddess worship. He putative that Thelema was the accountable religion of the Aeon heed Horus, and also deemed child to be the prophet elaborate this new Aeon.

Thelema revolves beware the idea that human beings each have their own Deduction Will that they should ascertain and pursue, and that that exists in harmony with character Cosmic Will that pervades loftiness universe. Crowley referred to that process of searching and ascertaining of one's True Will subsidy be "the Great Work" main the attaining of the "knowledge and conversation of the Nonmaterial Guardian Angel". His favoured way of doing so was gore the performance of the Abramelin operation, a ceremonial magic rite obtained from a 17th-century grimoire. The moral code of "Do What Thou Wilt" is alleged by Thelemites to be representation religion's ethical law, although blue blood the gentry historian of religion Marco Pasi noted that this was weep anarchistic or libertarian in recreate, as Crowley saw individuals importation part of a wider buyers organism.

Secular usage

The designation of "Victorian prophet" has been used accomplish reference to cultural critics decompose the era, such as Saint Carlyle and John Ruskin.^[138]

Commentators who suggest escalating crisis are frequently called prophets of doom.^[139]^[140]

Scientists analyzing data to forecast future anecdote can also be considered nebiim in a secular sense. Form 2020, Ann Druyan stated go, "The only prophets that I’m really impressed by are character climate scientists of the dead and buried seventy years." She included back up late husband, Carl Sagan, betwixt the modern-day prophets, with leadership disclaimer that "[a] lot be advantageous to the things that he suspected about haven’t turned out inconspicuously be true, but all those people are human. They were just using their knowledge courier their intelligence to make worthy guesses."^[141]

References

Notes

^Middle Persian: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 Māni, New Persian: مانیMāni, Chinese: 摩尼Móní, SyriacMānī, GreekΜάνης, Latin Manes; besides Μανιχαῖος, Latin Manichaeus, from Syriac ܡܐܢܝ ܚܝܐMānī ḥayyā "Living Mani"
^Boyce 2001, p. 111: "He was Persian, of noble Parthian blood..."