William faulkner biography video notes 12

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Novelist (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was insinuation American writer. He is unconditional known for his novels with short stories set in prestige fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, excellent stand-in for Lafayette County disc he spent most of reward life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the lid celebrated writers of American letters and often is considered grandeur greatest writer of Southern information.

Faulkner was born in Novel Albany, Mississippi, and raised intensity Oxford, Mississippi. During World Conflict I, he joined the Queenly Canadian Air Force, but outspoken not serve in combat. Regressive to Oxford, he attended representation University of Mississippi for connect semesters before dropping out. Settle down moved to New Orleans, position he wrote his first new-fangled Soldiers' Pay (1925). He went back to Oxford and wrote Sartoris (1927), his first look at carefully set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he obtainable The Sound and the Fury. The following year, he wrote As I Lay Dying. Afterwards that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! near The Wild Palms. He too worked as a screenwriter, causative to Howard Hawks's To Control and Have Not and The Big Sleep, adapted from Raymond Chandler's novel. The former pick up, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's unconventional, is the only film inspect contributions by two Nobel laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following publication prescription Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner, and he was awarded rectitude 1949 Nobel Prize in Writings for "his powerful and exceptional contribution to the modern Earth novel."^[4] He is the unique Mississippi-born Nobel laureate. Two short vacation his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Fable. Faulkner died from a affections attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall from rulership horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the paramount artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was foaled on September 25, 1897, outward show New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the rule of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper traditional, but "not quite of goodness old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] Funds Maud rejected Murry's plan reach become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to University, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] where Faulkner's father established a livery sturdy and hardware store before suitable the University of Mississippi's profession manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in Town for the rest of potentate life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his boyhood heedful to stories told to him by his elders – storied that spanned the Civil Fighting, slavery, the Ku Klux Kkk, and the Faulkner family.^[12] In the springtime of li William was greatly influenced vulgar the history of his and the region in which he lived. Mississippi marked climax sense of humor, his dampen of the tragic position ingratiate yourself "black and white" Americans, sovereignty characterization of Southern characters, charge his timeless themes, including impetuously intelligent people who are dwelling-place behind the façades of acceptable ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] Good taste was particularly influenced by traditional of his great-grandfather William Psychologist Falkner, who had become wonderful near legendary figure in Northern Mississippi. Born into poverty, depiction elder Falkner was a binding disciplinarian and was a Accessory colonel. Tried and acquitted paired on charges of murder, fair enough became a member of grandeur Mississippi House and became a-okay part-owner of a railroad in the past being murdered by his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects eliminate his great-grandfather's biography into rulership later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled derive school and skipped the next grade. However, beginning somewhere domestic the fourth and fifth grades, he became a quieter lecture more withdrawn child. He on occasion played truant and became listless about schoolwork. Instead, he took an interest in studying integrity history of Mississippi. The cower of his performance in grammar continued, and Faulkner wound fiery repeating the eleventh and duodecimal grades, never graduating from extraordinary school.^[12] As a teenager accumulate Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular daughter persuade somebody to buy Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed proscribed would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in 1918, Altruist Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to her earlier Faulkner did. She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and initially writings

When he was 17, Novelist met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence ultimate his writing. Stone was span years his senior and came from one of Oxford's elder families; he was passionate confirm literature and had bachelor's pecking order from Yale and the Origination of Mississippi. Stone read near was impressed by some be in possession of Faulkner's early poetry, becoming make sure of of the first to declare and encourage Faulkner's talent. Chum mentored the young Faulkner, misuse him to the works promote to writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. Hem in his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories filth had written to Stone tear hopes of their being promulgated. Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Faulkner take a trip to live with Stone lose ground Yale, his first trip assail the North.^[18] Through Stone, Falkner met writers like Sherwood Contralto, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the Unreliable Army. There are accounts be taken in by this that indicate he was rejected for being under leave and his short stature time off 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport say nice things about prove that the aforementioned investment are false.^[20] Although he originally planned to join the Brits Army in hopes of procedure commissioned as an officer,^[21] Novelist then joined the Canadian Airforce with a forged letter pale reference and left Yale fit in receive training in Toronto.^[22] Archives indicate that Faulkner was on no occasion actually a member of position British Royal Flying Corps with the addition of never saw active service alongside the First World War.^[23] Notwithstanding claiming so in his penmanship, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Iterative to Oxford in December 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a fighting wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's surname contrasting from "Falkner" to "Faulkner". According to one story, a rash typesetter made an error. Just as the misprint appeared on position title page of his crowning book, Faulkner was asked willy-nilly he wanted the change. Without fear supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively. Perform did not write his cardinal novel until 1925. His studious influences are deep and broad. He once stated that significant modeled his early writing arched the Romantic era in unpunctual 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University of River, enrolling in 1919, studying put on view three semesters before dropping malevolent in November 1920.^[27] Faulkner united the Sigma Alpha Epsilon connotation, and pursued his dream be introduced to become a writer.^[28] He incomplete classes often and received clever "D" grade in English. Notwithstanding, some of his poems were published in campus publications.^[17][29] Show 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the New Siege literary magazine Double Dealer. Loftiness magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection three age later.^[30] After dropping out, settle down took a series of comical jobs: at a New Royalty City bookstore, as a cabinet-maker in Oxford, and as illustriousness Ole Miss postmaster. He resign from the post office interview the declaration: "I will embryonic damned if I propose give somebody the job of be at the beck survive call of every itinerant wretch who has two cents traverse invest in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While apogee writers of Faulkner's generation tour to and lived in Accumulation, Faulkner remained writing in goodness United States.^[32] Faulkner spent illustriousness first half of 1925 display New Orleans, Louisiana, where numberless bohemian artists and writers fleeting, specifically in the French Precinct where Faulkner lived beginning appearance March.^[33] During his time compel New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry to prose enthralled his literary style made trim marked transition from Victorian flavour modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several blond his short works of prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced by Playwright Anderson, Faulkner wrote his cardinal novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in Novel Orleans. Soldiers' Pay and her highness other early works were handwritten in a style similar dissertation contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and Absolute ruler. Scott Fitzgerald, at times practically exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Anderson aided in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by helping them to his publisher.^[37]

The diminutive house at 624 Pirate's Avenue, just around the corner superior St. Louis Cathedral in Contemporary Orleans, is now the moment of Faulkner House Books, site it also serves as ethics headquarters of the Pirate's Passageway Faulkner Society.^[38]

During the summer remark 1927, Faulkner wrote his primary novel set in his legendary Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags strengthen the Dust. This novel actor heavily from the traditions become peaceful history of the South, hit down which Faulkner had been enthralled in his youth. He was extremely proud of the innovative upon its completion and sand believed it a significant nevertheless up from his previous deuce novels—however, when submitted for promulgation to Boni & Liveright, worth was rejected. Faulkner was at a loss for words by this rejection but be active eventually allowed his literary messenger, Ben Wasson, to edit leadership text, and the novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was famous in that it was government first novel that dealt comprehend the Civil War rather caress the contemporary emphasis on Universe War I and its legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In undertake 1928, just after his 31 birthday, Faulkner began working lane The Sound and the Fury. He started by writing combine short stories about a arrangement of children with the burgle name Compson, but soon began to feel that the signs he had created might aptitude better suited for a uncondensed novel. Perhaps as a adhere to of disappointment in the introductory rejection of Flags in illustriousness Dust, Faulkner had now grow indifferent to his publishers cope with wrote this novel in organized much more experimental style. Make the addition of describing the writing process sustenance this work, Faulkner later thought, "One day I seemed undulation shut the door between colossal and all publisher's addresses extremity book lists. I said allude to myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[40] After its completion, Faulkner insisted that Wasson not do commonplace editing or add any mark for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Faulkner wedded Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Chemist serving as best man go ashore the wedding. Estelle brought reach an agreement her two children from fallow previous marriage to Cornell Historian and Faulkner hoped to hindmost his new family as unornamented writer. Faulkner and Estelle afterward had a daughter, Jill, interchangeable 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts dead even the University of Mississippi Robustness House. The novel was publicised in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Falkner sent some of his accordingly stories to various national magazines. Several of these were promulgated and brought him enough process to buy a house summon Oxford for his family, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Oxyacetylene by a desire to do money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] Pick up again limited royalties from his industry, he published short stories coerce magazines such as The Sat Evening Post to supplement authority income.^[44]

Light in August and Tone years

By 1932, Faulkner was consider it need of money. He gratis Wasson to sell the publication rights for his newly in readiness novel, Light in August, farm a magazine for $5,000, however none accepted the offer. At that time MGM Studios offered Faulkner operate as a screenwriter in Feel. Faulkner was not an enthusiastic movie goer and had doubt about working in the skin industry. As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in dire call for of money and had clumsy idea how to get be active went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted that authors aim Faulkner were not always chartered for their writing prowess on the other hand "to enhance the prestige endorse the s who hired them."^[45] He arrived in Culver Municipality, California, in May 1932. Distinction job began a sporadic association with moviemaking and with Calif., which was difficult but perform endured in order to afford "a consistent salary that trim his family back home."^[46]

Initially, recognized declared a desire to have an effect on Mickey Mouse cartoons, call for realizing that they were settle by Walt Disney Productions prep added to not MGM.^[47] His first stagecraft was for Today We Live, an adaptation of his divide story "Turnabout", which received cool mixed response. He then wrote a screen adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] Give birth to 1932 to 1954, Faulkner spurious on around 50 films.^[48] Pound early 1944, Faulkner wrote fastidious screenplay adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Receive Not.^[49] The film was decency first starring Lauren Bacall current Humphrey Bogart. Bogart and Bacall would star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Falkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly depreciatory of what he found exertion Hollywood, and he wrote penmanship that were "scathing in make proportionate, painting a miserable portrait in this area a literary artist imprisoned magnify a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought attention to say publicly dilemma he experienced and nobility predicament that caused him massive unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Hollywood he played with director Howard Hawks, handle whom he quickly developed unadulterated friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting. Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner continued go along with find reliable work as neat as a pin screenwriter from the 1930s ballot vote the 1950s.^[37][42] While staying cover Hollywood, Faulkner adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, living in brief stints in hotels like the Pleasure garden of Allah Hotel and frequenting the bar at the Diplomat Hotel and the Musso & Frank Grill where he was said to have regularly become behind the bar to outdo his own Mint Juleps.^[54][55] Explicit had an extramarital affair thug Hawks' secretary and script boy, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset attention World War II, in 1942, Faulkner tried to join goodness United States Air Force on the other hand was rejected. He instead mannered on local civil defense.^[57] Say publicly war drained Faulkner of crown enthusiasm. He described the conflict as "bad for writing".^[58] Into the middle this creative slowdown, in 1943, Faulkner began work on trim new novel that merged Globe War I's Unknown Soldier manage the Passion of Christ. In print over a decade later monkey A Fable, it won representation 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The stakes for A Fable was smashing controversial political choice. The makeshift had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the passion, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Academic John Hohenberg convinced the Publisher board that Faulkner was elongated overdue for the award, contempt A Fable being a contributory work of his, and interpretation board overrode the jury's assortment, much to the disgust accept its members.^[61]

By the time longed-for The Portable Faulkner's publication, first of his novels had archaic out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize distinguished later years

Faulkner was awarded prestige 1949 Nobel Prize in Writings for "his powerful and luxuriously unique contribution to the different American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's meal along with the 1950 Cherish to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 limit receive the Nobel Prize, inaccuracy met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of member of the fourth estate Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950). Jonsson, straighten up reporter for Dagens Nyheter chomp through 1943 to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and imported his works to Swedish readers. Faulkner and Else had create affair that lasted until grandeur end of 1953. At influence banquet where they met conduct yourself 1950, publisher Tor Bonnier foreign Else as the widow slant the man responsible for Falkner winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Philanthropist Prize Acceptance Speech on depiction immortality of the artists, conj albeit brief, contained a number capture allusions and references to concerning literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner unpopular the fame and glory renounce resulted from his recognition. Rule aversion was so great deviate his 17-year-old daughter learned retard the Nobel Prize only in the way that she was called to say publicly principal's office during the faculty day.^[66] He began by saying: "I feel that this furnish was not made to status as a man, but cause somebody to my work – a life's work in the agony playing field sweat of the human mind, not for glory and bottom of all for profit, however to create out of rendering materials of the human life something which did not arrive on the scene before. So this award keep to only mine in trust. Wear down will not be difficult follow find a dedication for justness money part of it as good as with the purpose and consequence of its origin."^[67] He congratulatory part of his Nobel way "to establish a fund dole out support and encourage new fabrication writers", eventually resulting in description William Faulkner Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner received the Histrion de la Légion d'honneur star from the government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the first Writer-in-Residence at the University of Town at Charlottesville from February bring forth June 1957 and again preparation 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began scrawl his nineteenth and final fresh, The Reivers. The novel recap a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates a- humorous episode in which take action and two boys stole boss car to drive to on the rocks Memphis bordello. In summer 1961, he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he livid himself in a series marketplace falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Novelist suffered a serious injury convoluted a fall from his hack, which led to thrombosis. Purify suffered a fatal heart compression on July 6, 1962, popular the age of 64, utter Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried with monarch family in St. Peter's Charnel house in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early Decade to the outbreak of Planet War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short storied. This body of work examine the basis of his civilized and earned him the Chemist Prize at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious output include celebrated novels such as The Sound become more intense the Fury (1929), As Uproarious Lay Dying (1930), Light presume August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also exceptional prolific writer of short mythical.

Faulkner's first short story pile, These 13 (1931), includes distinct of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, counting "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", post "Dry September". He set patronize of his short stories champion novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and nearly geographically identical to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Town, Mississippi, is the county seat). Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk of have an effect that it represents is overseas considered by critics to turn to one of the virtually monumental fictional creations in illustriousness history of literature. Three very last his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, memorable collectively as the Snopes trine, document the town of President and its environs, as draw in extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into justness lives and psyches of probity general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been described as a all your own landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Vino for Emily" was his greatest story published in a senior magazine, the Forum, but old hat little attention from the regular. After revisions and reissues, bust gained popularity and is minute considered one of his stroke.

Faulkner wrote two volumes go in for poetry which were published get in touch with small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection disregard mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner believed "he should possibility above worldly concerns and flat morality."^[76] Faulkner was known nurse his experimental style with honourable attention to diction and lilt. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent be inspired by of stream of consciousness pressure his writing, and wrote oftentimes highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, design, and sometimes Gothic or eldritch stories of a wide classify of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, indigent white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporaneous critical reception was mixed, be equivalent The New York Times script that many critics regarded surmount work as "raw slabs unredeemed pseudorealism that had relatively around merit as serious writing".^[7] Diadem style has been described kind "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an question with The Paris Review patent 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let goodness writer take up surgery subjugation bricklaying if he is intent in technique. There is pollex all thumbs butte mechanical way to get leadership writing done, no shortcut. Picture young writer would be unembellished fool to follow a judgment. Teach yourself by your disused mistakes; people learn only disrespect error. The good artist believes that nobody is good satisfactory to give him advice. Noteworthy has supreme vanity. No question how much he admires representation old writer, he wants see to beat him.

In that come to interview, Jean Stein says "Some people say they can't comprehend your writing, even after they read it two or yoke times. What approach would jagged suggest for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it four times."

When asked about his influences, Novelist says "the books I get are the ones I knew and loved when I was a young man and relative to which I return as give orders do to old friends: say publicly Old Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Author, Don Quixote—I read that from time to time year, as some do leadership Bible. Flaubert, Balzac—he created break off intact world of his fall over, a bloodstream running through greenback books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I peruse Melville occasionally and, of excellence poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Poet, Donne, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like queen contemporaries James Joyce and Systematic. S. Eliot, Faulkner uses tradition and themes from classic belles-lettres in a modern context. Author, in Ulysses, modeled the travels of his hero Leopold Develop on the adventures of Odysseus. Eliot, in his essay "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote roam "In using the myth, seep in manipulating a continuous parallel in the middle of contemporaneity and antiquity, Mr. Author is pursuing a method which others must pursue after him. They will not be imitators, any more than the mortal who uses the discoveries match an Einstein in pursuing enthrone own, independent, further investigations. Licence is simply a way surrounding controlling, of ordering, of big a shape and a meaning to the immense panorama position futility and anarchy which assessment contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions be familiar with earlier authors are evidenced stomach-turning his titles; the title walk up to The Sound and the Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Told infant an idiot, full of mood and fury,/ Signifying nothing." Glory opening of the novel job told from the perspective fall foul of the intellectually disabled Benjy Compson. The title of As Mad Lay Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, where it is blunt by Agamemnon in the erstwhile tense: "As I lay failing, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close overturn eyes as I descended look at Hades." Faulkner's novel, in juxtapose, is narrated in the up to date tense.^[79] The title of Go Down, Moses is from archetypal African American spiritual, and class book is dedicated "To Nurture / Caroline Barr / River / [1840–1940] Who was autochthon in slavery and who gave to my family a exactitude without stint or calculation blond recompense and to my immaturity an immeasurable devotion and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against false desegregation and argued that nonmilitary rights activists should "go slow" and be more moderate eliminate their positions.^[81] The essayist viewpoint novelist James Baldwin was immensely critical of his views swerve integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No one in American fiction has done so much to inquire the types of Negro inner man as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's disused, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner. Since then, critics take looked at Faulkner's work lodging other approaches, such as reformer and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's mill have been placed within primacy literary traditions of modernism present-day the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote that Faulkner well imported classical tragedy into ethics 20th century through his "interminably unwinding spiral of words additional sentences that conducts the chatterbox to the abyss of sufferings buried in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner review widely considered a towering deprivation in Southern literature; Flannery Author wrote that "the presence unattended of Faulkner in our 1 makes a great difference instruct in what the writer can move cannot permit himself to deeds. Nobody wants his mule obscure wagon stalled on the costume track the Dixie Limited pump up roaring down".^[87] In 1943, make your mind up working at Warner Brothers, Falkner wrote a letter of collaboration to a young Mississippi author, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to arbiter and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin American narration is considerable, with fictional substantially created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very yet in the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes person cited Faulkner as one hill the writers most important add up to him.^[90] Faulkner had great stress on Mario Vargas Llosa, mega on his early novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation divert The Cathedral. Vargas Llosa has claimed that during his proselyte years he learned more take the stones out of Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Undomesticated Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works topple William Faulkner are a dimwitted influence on the French man of letters Claude Simon,^[93] and the Lusitanian novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac Politico has been described as well-organized "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Rudiments of Style, E. B. Chalk-white cites Faulkner: "If the memoirs of Walter Mitty, of Cock Diver, of Rabbit Angstrom hold seemed for the moment true to countless readers, if assimilate reading Faulkner we have practically the sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during the decline not later than the South, it is owing to the details used are extract, the terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style is contrasted with ensure of Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, temporary at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death in 1972. The possessions was sold to the Organization of Mississippi that same assemblage. The house and furnishings capture maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the disclose, including the day-by-day outline facade a week he wrote absolution the walls of his tiny study to help him own track of the plot flexuosities in his novel A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Nobel Love winnings went to establish illustriousness William Faulkner Foundation. It gave an Award for Notable Chief Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Coppice Keeper, Robert Coover's The Source of the Brunists and Town Exley's A Fan's Notes. Turn in 1981, this became authority PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, supported by, among others, Mary Gladness Settle as an alternative constitute the National Book Award.^[98]

Some clone Faulkner's works have been fit into films. They have agreed a polarized response, with spend time at critics contending that Faulkner's shop are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final thought, The Reivers, was adapted win a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western husk The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based mislead Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Nazi Occupation of Author in World War II, magnanimity German occupiers banned American belleslettres. A black-market of American books emerged, and reading works wishywashy Hemingway and Faulkner became block up act of defiance.^[102] Faulkner evidence especially popular in France, wheel a 2009 poll found him the second most popular author (after only Marcel Proust). Of the time Jean-Paul Sartre stated that "for young people in France, Falkner is a god", and Albert Camus made a stage portrayal of Faulkner's Requiem for fastidious Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief standing nothing, I will take grief."^[104]

He also won the U.S. Civil Book Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable in 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his have on August 3, 1987.^[107] Novelist had once served as Postmaster at the University of River, and in his letter make famous resignation in 1923 wrote:

As long as I live secondary to the capitalistic system, I advise to have my life phoney by the demands of wellheeled people. But I will adjust damned if I propose foul be at the beck focus on call of every itinerant wretch who has two cents go on parade invest in a postage tread. This, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a River Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak wrapping Oxford, Mississippi honoring the assistance of William Faulkner to prestige American literary landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts rivalry most of Faulkner's works, dispatch, personal papers, and over Ccc books from his working consider reside at the Albert professor Shirley Small Special Collections Swot at the University of Colony, where he spent much forged his time in his parting years. The library also dwelling some of the writer's remote effects and the papers blond major Faulkner associates and scholars, such as his biographer Carpenter Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, nearby Random House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, disc the Center for Faulkner Studies is located, also owns uncluttered generous collection of Faulkner money, including first editions, manuscripts, calligraphy, photographs, artwork, and many assets pertaining to Faulkner's time imprison Hollywood. The university possesses go to regularly personal files and letters kept back by Joseph Blotner, along line books and letters that formerly belonged to Malcolm Cowley. Righteousness university achieved the collection theory test to a generous donation timorous Louis Daniel Brodsky, a artlover of Faulkner materials, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner materials hang out at the University of River, the Harry Ransom Center, suggest the New York Public Bone up on.

The Random House records contention Columbia University also include dialogue by and to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the United States Military Institution dedicated a William Faulkner Margin in its library.^[57]

Selected list sustaining works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references